COMMUNICATION AND NETWORK

MODULATION:

If it's in the computer world, modulation is a high-frequnecy periodic waverform which it is called carrier signal 

(as i shown in the picture above) ,

and it will transmit the information through the modulating signal. Modulation is often called Demodulator too.

Modulation is important in telecommunications aswell because how they transmits the message signal and audio signal is from the modulation.

DEMODULATION:  It's data is mainly on high frequency vibration and in using high pass filter.It restores the message signal from the redeive modulated waveform that is usually corrupted by noise sounds. For example, for a signal modulated with a linear modulation, like AM (Amplitude Modulated), we can use a synchronous detector. On the other hand, for a signal modulated with an angular modulation, we must use an Frequency Modulator.

BANDWIDTH:

Bandwidth is a range within a ensemble of frequencies or wavelengths.

The term base-band bandwidth always refers to the upper cutoff frequency, regardless of whether the filter is bandpass or low-pass. It can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time.

 In computer networking, the maximum throughout of a logical or physical communication path in a digital communication system. For digital devices, the bandwidth is usually expressed in bits per second (bps) or bytes per second. For analog devices, the bandwidth is expressed in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz). 

TCP/IP:  Is is short term for TRASMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL but sometimes it is called internet protocol as well.its a set of communications protocols used for the internet nowadays. It has four abstraction layers that is Link layer,the internet later,transport layer and application layer. The purpose of TCP/IP is communicate to the two computers across local network and constituted by their internetworking routers.

NODE: Every node has a unique network address and it is sometimes called Date Link Control (DLC) or Media Access Control (MAC) address.Its a processing location. A node can reffered to computer and some other devices like a printer. 

CLIENT:It is a system that can run on a personal computer and workstation know as a server to perform operations. For example,Web browsers are the client that connect to the web server and receive web pages for the display.

SERVER: Its a device that manages network resources and they perform no other tasks besides their serves tasks. There are several different type of servers;

File server: a computer and storage device dedicated to store files.

Print server: this network server that manage network traffic.

Database Server: a computer system that processes database queries.

NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM: NOS is called the Dialoguer. Its a sofware that run programs on a computer. An operating system that includes special functions for connercting computers and devices into a local-area network (LAN).

NETWORK ADMINISTRATOR: Is the level of technical staff in an organization and often involved with the direct user support. A human being that holds the responsible maintenance of computer and software that comprises a computer network and main role is the overall integrity of the network ensuring the network connectivity like LAN is on par with technical considerations at the network level of the organization.

Example; Server,desktop,printers,routers and security updates.

SECONDARY STAGE

DISK CACHING: The solution of Ram is been used to fast up the data on the disk drive and hard disk.
It works on when there's a new data on a computer,the operating system would check on the data in the cache before reading into the disk.

FILE COMPRESSION: It's main role is more on communications, because it can use devices to store the same amount of data in low bits,meaning its stores data in a format that requires less space than the computer before and this tool is usually used in backup utilities and spreadsheet apps.

FILE DECOMPRESSION:The decompression program extracts from all the compression formats and can be pretty tall order we can combine the one program like WinRAR and you dan creat your own decompressed archives.

INTERNAL HARD DRIVE: It is a tool that can use for when you need a tool that handles the bad sectors as dectected in the manufacturing stage in your computer. It can reserve storage and relocate the defective disk sectors and remapping the bad sectors.

OPTICAL DISC DRIVE:This disk holds a storage medium which means it holds the data and has wrote by lasers and can read it well. The good thing is that it is portable magnetic ada can store many data up to 6gig.

SOLID-STATE STORAGE DISK:SSSD is also called solid state drive and sometimes solid state storage disk.It is a disk that has own CPUs and manage data storage, it's  high performance  and a plug and play storage device.

Input and Output

ERGONOMIC KEYBOARD: It is a computer keyboard designed safe and comfortable machine for human that is ergonomic, It plays an important role in design of the keyboard as well as monitors beacuse it slows down the muscle strain and backaches. It is a V shape keyboard.

INK-JET PRINTER: It is a printer that creates digital image by driving the droplets of ink into paper. It's has been manufactured into the printer nowadays and more advance since early 1950s and we still use it ever since.

LASER PRINTER: A computer printer but the difference of this printer is that it prints high printer text and graphics on a paper as it is laser printers. It can photocopy papers too and it can direct image scan by a laser beam  across the printer's receptor. This laser printer is fast and used in business and consumer markets.

MAGNETIC-INK CHARACTER: MICR is use mostly in cheques. This ink allows the computer read the account numbers off printed documents.
MICR codes can be read by humans as well as computers. It's character produce a unique waveform that can be easily identified by the system.

OPTICAL-CHARACTER RECOGNITION:  Called OCR for short. This OCR can read texts from paper and so the computer can manipulate it. When you use word processor, the OCR can have a sofware that receive images and can read text in many portions of fonts. If you write in hand, it can be a bit difficult as well.

OPTICAL-MARK RECOGNITION:OMR works in extracting data from documents such as checkboxes. It is useful and scans printed form ada records where the marks are made on the form. It is usally used in tests and surveys.

System Unit

RAM: By what it all means is that it's called random access memory for the longer version.It contains Data Access storage but in this century, it revenues the system of combined circuits that let stored data to be log on in any order with the worst case performance of actual time. RAM is regularly related with volatile types of memory.For example like; DRAM memory modules, where its stored information is lost if the power is detached and including most types of ROM and a type of flash memory called NOR-Flash. Therefore, the storage of the other memory devices can be access in another memory devices in a timed order.

CACHE: A component that transfers data storage to the prospect requests so that the data can be served faster it can replica the original values that is stored and the hardware implements for the temporary storage can be useful for the future. Cache can be found in web browsers,CPUs and web servers.   

ROM: Read-only memory (ROM), furthermore  it is acknowledged as firmware. When it is mass-produced ,it’s an incorporated circuit programmed with a full data. ROM chips are used not only in computers, but in most supplementary electronic items as well.It's a misnomer too, the memory inside can be erased and be installed at anytime.

FLASH MEMORY: Flash memory former known as a dense state storage device, meaning there are no moving parts,everything is electronic instead of mechanical.It will backup copies of files that live off of your systems and has a portable storage devices that use a type of electronic memory called flash memory may be the right solution. 

GRAPHIC CARD: The device installed in a computer that consists of a graphics processing unit designed to help process and display images, especially 3D graphics. Graphics cards help take the processing strain off the main processor and can contain their own memory to take the strain off the system RAM.

SOUND CARD: An expansion component used in computers to receive and send audio. Sound cards are configured and utilized with the help of a software application and a device driver. The sound card converts incoming digital audio data into analog audio so the speakers can play it.

NETWORK INTERFACE CARD: A device that allows computers to be joined together in a LAN or local area network. Networked computers communicate with each other using a given protocol or agreed-upon language for transmitting data packets between the different machines, known as nodes. The network interface card acts as the liaison for the machine to both send and receive data on the LAN. 





PLUG AND PLAY: A catchy phrase used to describe devices that work with a computer system as soon as they are connected. The user does not have to manually install drivers for the device or even tell the computer automatically recognizes the device, loads new drivers for the hardware if needed and begins to work with the newly connected device.











UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS PORT: A standard cable connection interface on personal computers and consumer electronics. USB ports allow stand-alone electronic devices to be connected via cables to a computer. USB allows data to be transferred between devices. USB ports can also supply electric power across the cable to devices without their own power source.

SERIAL PORT: A socket on a computer used to connect a modem, data acquisition terminal or other device via a serial interface. Serial ports provide very slow speeds and have been superseded by USB and other faster interfaces for peripheral connections to desktop computers. Earlier PCs used the port for the mouse, like an earlier Machintoshes used it to attach a printer. 

PARALLEL PORT: A socket on a computer used to connect a printer or other device via a parallel interface. In the past, the parallel port was widely used for printers and occasionally for connecting other devices externally.

FIREWiRE PORT: This system is used for data storage devices and digital cameras;It is a high speed communication interface  and we all use it in digital things like audio and video.
Firewire (Apple) is the most recognizable firewire port and most used.









ETHERNET PORT: Ethernet is the most common type of connection computers use in a local area network ( LAN ). An ethernet port looks much like a regular phone jack but it is slightly wider. This port can be used to connect your computer to another computer, a local network or an external DSL or cable modem.



















HIGH DEFINITION MULTIMEDIA INTERFACE PORT: It is the industry supported, uncompressed, all digital/video interface. HDMI provides an interface between any audio/video source such as DVD player, A/V receiver and audio/video monitors such as digital television. HDMI is small, user-friendly interconnect that provides up to 5 Gbps of bandwidth to support high-definition video plus multichannal audio in single cable.